被动语态全攻略
适用于初三英语课本同步学习
被动语态是中考英语语法的重要考点，很多同学在主动变被动时容易出错。本文从基础到进阶，帮你彻底掌握被动语态。
一、什么是被动语态？
主动 vs 被动
| 语态 | 特点 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 主动语态 | 主语是动作的执行者 | Tom cleaned the room. (汤姆打扫了房间) |
| 被动语态 | 主语是动作的承受者 | The room was cleaned by Tom. (房间被汤姆打扫了) |
基本结构
be + 过去分词 (done) + (by + 动作执行者)
| 成分 | 说明 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| be | 随主语人称、数和时态变化 | is / am / are / was / were |
| 过去分词 | 动词的过去分词形式 | cleaned / written / seen |
| by... | 动作执行者（可省略） | by Tom / by my mother |
二、各种时态的被动语态
时态变化一览表
| 时态 | 主动语态 | 被动语态 | 例句（被动） |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | do/does | am/is/are + done | The book is read by many students. |
| 一般过去时 | did | was/were + done | The bridge was built in 1990. |
| 一般将来时 | will do | will be + done | The meeting will be held tomorrow. |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are doing | am/is/are being + done | The road is being repaired now. |
| 过去进行时 | was/were doing | was/were being + done | The car was being washed at 3pm. |
| 现在完成时 | have/has done | have/has been + done | The work has been finished. |
| 过去完成时 | had done | had been + done | The letter had been sent before I arrived. |
| 含情态动词 | can/must do | can/must be + done | Homework must be done on time. |
记忆口诀
被动结构很简单，be加过去分词站； 时态变化看be字，人称数变不要乱； 情态动词后面跟，be动词加done不变。
三、主动变被动的三步法
Step 1: 调换主宾
将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，主语变为by的宾语。
Step 2: 变化动词
将谓语动词变为 be + 过去分词，be的时态与原句一致。
Step 3: 调整人称
be动词随新主语的人称和数变化。
示例：
The students cleaned the classroom. → 取出宾语：the classroom → 变be+done：was cleaned（过去时） → 加by：The classroom was cleaned by the students.
更多示例
| 主动句 | 被动句 |
|---|---|
| My mother cooks dinner. | Dinner is cooked by my mother. |
| They will plant trees. | Trees will be planted by them. |
| I have read the book. | The book has been read by me. |
四、特殊情况
1. 双宾语动词
有些动词（give, tell, send, teach, show等）后接双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），变被动时两种方式：
主动：My father gave me a gift.
方式一：间接宾语作主语
I was given a gift (by my father).
方式二：直接宾语作主语（常加介词to/for）
A gift was given to me (by my father).
2. 使役动词和感官动词
使役动词（make, let, have）和感官动词（see, hear, watch, feel）在主动句中用不带to的不定式，变被动时to要还原：
主动：I saw him cross the street. 被动：He was seen to cross the street.
主动：The teacher made him stand up. 被动：He was made to stand up.
3. 短语动词
含有介词/副词的短语动词变被动时，介词/副词不能省略：
主动：He looks after his grandmother. 被动：Grandmother is looked after (by him).
主动：They put off the meeting. 被动：The meeting was put off.
五、什么时候使用被动语态？
| 使用场景 | 说明 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 不知道动作执行者 | 不清楚是谁做的 | My bike was stolen last night. |
| 动作执行者不重要 | 不需要强调是谁 | English is spoken all over the world. |
| 强调动作承受者 | 把承受者当话题中心 | The novel was written by Lu Xun. |
| 礼貌委婉 | 避免指出执行者 | The window was broken yesterday. |
六、中考易错点
❌ 易错1：不及物动词无被动
happen, take place, appear, rise, die, belong to 等不及物动词没有被动语态。
常见误用： - ✗ Great changes have been taken place. - ✓ Great changes have taken place.
❌ 易错2：系动词用主动表被动
look, sound, taste, feel, smell 等系动词用主动形式表示被动含义。
- ✗ The food is tasted delicious.
- ✓ The food tastes delicious.
❌ 易错3：need doing = 被动
"need/want/require doing" = "need to be done"
- The floor needs cleaning. = The floor needs to be cleaned.
❌ 易错4：be worth doing
- ✗ The book is worth being read.
- ✓ The book is worth reading.
七、趣味练习
练习1：判断正误
- 📝 The window was broke by the boy. (T/F)
- 📝 The accident was happened at 8pm. (T/F)
- 📝 This book sells well. (T/F)
- 📝 She was given a present. (T/F)
点击查看答案
1. **F** → The window was **broken**（break的过去分词是broken） 2. **F** → The accident **happened**（happen是不及物动词，无被动） 3. **T**（sell well用主动表被动，固定用法） 4. **T**（双宾语动词的间接宾语作主语，正确）练习2：改写句子
-
People grow rice in the south. → __
-
The girl read the book yesterday. → __
-
We must finish this work today. → __
点击查看答案
1. Rice **is grown** in the south. 2. The book **was read** by the girl yesterday. 3. This work **must be finished** (by us) today.八、课后作业
- 基础题：将下列句子改为被动语态
- Tom writes a letter every week.
- They will build a new school next year.
-
My mother has washed the clothes.
-
提高题：用被动语态写一段话（5-6句），描述"手机是如何制造出来的"。
-
中考真题：选择正确答案
- The 2022 Winter Olympics _____ in Beijing. A. is held B. was held C. held D. will hold
- Your homework _____ before Friday. A. must finish B. must be finished C. must finished D. must to finish
点击查看答案
**基础题**： - A letter **is written** by Tom every week. - A new school **will be built** by them next year. - The clothes **have been washed** by my mother. **中考真题**： - B. was held（2022年冬奥会，过去时） - B. must be finished（情态动词被动：must be done）📖 学习建议：被动语态的难点在于时态变化。建议你准备一个表格，把8种时态的主动和被动形式对应列出来，每天默写一遍。多做中考真题，注意不及物动词和系动词的特殊用法。