高二英语——非谓语动词
一、引言
非谓语动词（Non-finite Verbs） 是高中英语语法的重点和难点，在高考各题型中都有广泛出现。所谓"非谓语"，是指动词在句子中不作谓语，而是充当主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等其他成分。
非谓语动词有三种基本形式：
| 形式 | 英文名称 | 语法功能 |
|---|---|---|
| 动名词 | Gerund | 名词性（主语、宾语、表语） |
| 不定式 | Infinitive | 名词/形容词/副词性 |
| 分词 | Participle | 形容词/副词性（定语、状语、补语） |
本文将系统讲解这三种形式的区别与用法，帮助你彻底攻克非谓语动词这一难关。
二、动名词（Gerund）
2.1 形式与特征
动名词由"动词原形 + -ing"构成，兼具动词和名词的特征。
| 时态/语态 | 主动形式 | 被动形式 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般式 | doing | being done |
| 完成式 | having done | having been done |
2.2 语法功能
（1）作主语
- Reading aloud is very important in learning English.
- Swimming is good for health.
注意：动名词作主语时，常可用 it 作形式主语，如： - It's no use crying over spilt milk. （覆水难收） - It's a waste of time watching TV all day.
（2）作宾语
常用动名词作宾语的动词（口诀："考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想，避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏"）：
| 动词 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| consider（考虑） | I'm considering changing my job. |
| suggest（建议） | He suggested going to the library. |
| admit（承认） | She admitted making a mistake. |
| avoid（避免） | You should avoid eating too much sugar. |
| practice（练习） | You need to practice speaking English. |
| enjoy（享受） | I enjoy listening to music. |
| finish（完成） | Have you finished reading the book? |
| mind（介意） | Would you mind opening the window? |
（3）作表语
- My hobby is collecting stamps.
- Her job is teaching English.
2.3 动名词的复合结构
动名词可以带自己的逻辑主语，形式为：名词所有格/形容词性物主代词 + 动名词
- Do you mind my/me smoking here?（你介意我在这里抽烟吗？）
- Tom's coming late made the teacher angry.（汤姆迟到让老师很生气。）
三、不定式（Infinitive）
3.1 形式与特征
不定式由"to + 动词原形"构成，否定式为"not to + 动词原形"。
| 时态/语态 | 主动形式 | 被动形式 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般式 | to do | to be done |
| 进行式 | to be doing | / |
| 完成式 | to have done | to have been done |
3.2 语法功能
（1）作主语
- To learn a foreign language is not easy.
- To see is to believe.（眼见为实）
常用it作形式主语： - It's important to learn from mistakes. - It took me two hours to finish the homework.
（2）作宾语
常用不定式作宾语的动词：
| 动词 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| want（想要） | I want to become a doctor. |
| decide（决定） | She decided to study abroad. |
| hope（希望） | I hope to see you soon. |
| promise（承诺） | He promised to help me. |
| refuse（拒绝） | She refused to answer the question. |
| pretend（假装） | He pretended not to see me. |
（3）作宾语补足语
常见结构：动词 + 宾语 + to do
- The teacher told us to be quiet.
- I want you to finish the work by Friday.
特殊：感官动词和使役动词的不定式宾补要省略to
| 动词类型 | 动词 | 结构 |
|---|---|---|
| 感官动词 | see, watch, notice, hear, feel | see sb do（强调全过程） |
| 使役动词 | make, let, have | make sb do |
- I saw him cross the street.（我看到他过了马路——强调全过程）
- He made me wait for an hour.（他让我等了一个小时）
（4）作定语
不定式作定语常表示将要发生的动作。
- I have a meeting to attend tomorrow.（明天要参加的一个会议）
- I need a pen to write with.（一支用来写的笔）
（5）作状语
不定式作状语可表示目的、结果、原因等。
- To pass the exam, he studied very hard.（目的）
- He hurried to school only to find it was Sunday.（结果——出乎意料）
- I'm glad to meet you.（原因）
3.3 不定式的时态意义
| 形式 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| to do | 一般（与谓语同时或之后） | She seems to know the truth. |
| to be doing | 正在进行 | He seems to be sleeping. |
| to have done | 已经完成 | He seems to have finished the work. |
四、分词（Participle）
4.1 形式与特征
分词分为现在分词（V-ing）和过去分词（V-ed）。
| 类型 | 主动 | 被动 | 进行 | 完成 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在分词 | doing | being done | / | having done |
| 过去分词 | / | done | / | / |
4.2 现在分词 vs 过去分词
| 比较维度 | 现在分词（doing） | 过去分词（done） |
|---|---|---|
| 语态 | 主动 | 被动 |
| 时态 | 正在进行 | 已经完成 |
| 修饰对象 | 主动发出动作的人/物 | 承受动作的人/物 |
| 例子 | interesting book（有趣的书） | interested readers（感兴趣的读者） |
| 例子 | surprising news（令人惊讶的消息） | surprised people（感到惊讶的人们） |
4.3 语法功能
（1）作定语
- Do you know the man standing over there?（现在分词=主动进行）
- This is a letter written by my father.（过去分词=被动完成）
- The bridge being built now will be completed next year.（现在分词被动式=正在进行且被动）
（2）作状语
分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随、结果等。
- Seeing the teacher, the students stopped talking.（时间——相当于 When they saw...）
- Tired from work, he went to bed early.（原因——相当于 Because he was tired...）
- Given more time, I could do better.（条件——相当于 If I were given...）
- He stood there, reading a book.（伴随）
- The cup fell to the ground, breaking into pieces.（结果）
（3）作宾语补足语
感官动词后可跟"宾语 + doing/done"
- I saw him playing basketball on the playground.（正在打——主动进行）
- I saw the window broken.（被打碎了——被动完成）
- I heard someone singing in the next room. （听到正在唱）
- I had my watch repaired.（使……被修）
（4）独立主格结构
当分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时，需保留自己的主语，形成独立主格结构。
- Weather permitting, we'll go hiking tomorrow.（如果天气允许）
- The exam finished, we went home.（考试结束后，我们回家了）
- All things considered, it's a good plan.（综合考虑所有因素）
五、三者的核心区别
5.1 功能对比总表
| 语法功能 | 动名词 | 不定式 | 分词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主语 | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
| 宾语 | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
| 表语 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 定语 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 状语 | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 补语 | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ |
5.2 作主语时的区别
| 形式 | 特点 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 动名词作主语 | 泛指、抽象的概念 | Smoking is harmful. |
| 不定式作主语 | 特指、具体的动作 | To smoke here is forbidden. |
5.3 作宾语时的区别
有些动词后跟动名词和不定式含义不同：
| 动词 | + doing | + to do |
|---|---|---|
| stop | stop doing（停止做） | stop to do（停下来去做） |
| forget | forget doing（忘记做过） | forget to do（忘记去做） |
| remember | remember doing（记得做过） | remember to do（记得去做） |
| regret | regret doing（后悔做过） | regret to do（遗憾要做） |
| try | try doing（尝试做） | try to do（努力做） |
| mean | mean doing（意味着） | mean to do（打算做） |
5.4 作定语时的区别
| 形式 | 时态含义 | 语态 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| to do | 将要发生 | 多主动 | a meeting to hold tomorrow |
| doing | 正在进行 | 主动 | a developing country |
| done | 已经完成 | 被动 | a developed country |
| being done | 正在进行 | 被动 | the being built bridge |
六、趣味练习
练习1：是非判断
判断下列句子中的非谓语动词形式是否正确（T/F）：
- I enjoy to listen to music. （ ）
- He admitted making a mistake. （ ）
- I saw him ran across the street. （ ）
- Having finished homework, he went out to play. （ ）
- The teacher told us don't be late. （ ）
练习2：填空挑战
用所给动词的适当形式填空：
- I'm looking forward to _ (hear) from you.
- It's no use _ (cry) over spilt milk.
- _ (not know) what to do, he asked for help.
- The question _ (discuss) now is very important.
- I had my car _ (wash) yesterday.
练习3：句子配对
将左栏的句子开始与右栏的结尾配对：
| 左栏 | 右栏 |
|---|---|
| A. I stopped | 1. to eat breakfast this morning. |
| B. I forgot | 2. smoking last year. |
| C. I regret | 3. to tell you that you failed. |
| D. I remember | 4. meeting her ten years ago. |
七、课后作业
基础题
- 用所给动词的适当形式填空：
- (1) He is used to _ (get) up early.
- (2) I suggest _ (go) for a picnic this weekend.
- (3) The boy _ (stand) there is my brother.
- (4) She seems _ (cry) — her eyes are red.
-
(5) _ (judge) from his accent, he is from the south.
-
句型转换：
- (1) It's important that you learn English well. → It's important _ _ English well.
- (2) I saw that he was crossing the street. → I saw him _ the street.
提高题
- 改正下列句子中的错误：
- (1) I'm looking forward to meet you soon.
- (2) He had his wallet stealing on the bus.
- (3) Not received a reply, I wrote again.
-
(4) The problem discussed now is difficult.
-
翻译句子：
- (1) 学一门外语需要时间和耐心。
- (2) 那本用中文写的书很受欢迎。
- (3) 由于没有赶上火车，他迟到了。
拓展题
- 短文填空：
Last night, I decided __1_ (watch) a movie. 2 (choose) a good one took me twenty minutes. Finally, I picked a science fiction film. The movie was so 3 (excite) that I couldn't stop 4 (watch). While 5 (watch), I heard a strange noise outside. 6 (hear) the noise, I paused the movie. 7 (open) the window, I saw a cat 8 (climb) the tree. After 9 (make) sure it was safe, I went back to my seat, 10 (feel) relieved. 11 (finish) the movie, I went to bed. It was a 12___ (relax) evening.
参考答案
趣味练习答案
练习1：1. F（enjoy doing） 2. T 3. F（see sb do/doing） 4. T 5. F（told us not to be）
练习2：1. hearing 2. crying 3. Not knowing 4. being discussed 5. washed
练习3：A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4（A: stopped smoking B: forgot to eat C: regret to tell D: remember meeting）
课后作业答案
第1题：1. getting 2. going 3. standing 4. to have cried 5. Judging
第2题：1. for you to learn 2. crossing
第3题：1. meet → meeting 2. stealing → stolen 3. received → having received / Not receiving 4. discussed → being discussed
第4题：1. Learning a foreign language requires time and patience. 2. The book written in Chinese is very popular. 3. Not having caught the train / Having missed the train, he was late.
第5题：1. to watch 2. Choosing 3. exciting 4. watching 5. watching 6. Hearing 7. Opening 8. climbing 9. making 10. feeling 11. Having finished 12. relaxing
八、总结
非谓语动词的核心记忆口诀：
动词不做谓语用，不定分词和动名。 不定常表将发生，后置定语表目的。 动名常做名主语，介后宾语也常用。 分词作定看语态，主动进行过去完。 感官使役要记牢，省略to宾补到。
掌握非谓语动词的关键在于：理解语态和时态的含义，多做对比练习。建议整理一个错题本，将常错的题目收集起来，反复练习，渐臻完善。