初三(英语): 定语从句精讲——关系代词与关系副词

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📅 2026-05-18

初三(英语): 定语从句精讲——关系代词与关系副词

定语从句是中考英语必考语法点，也是区分"基础"和"高分"的关键。本文帮你彻底搞懂关系代词和关系副词的用法差异。

一、什么是定语从句？

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句，称为定语从句。

被修饰的名词/代词称为先行词，起连接作用的词称为关系词。

基本结构

先行词 + 关系词 + 定语从句

✅ 例句：The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.

先行词 关系词 从句
The book that I bought yesterday

二、关系代词

关系代词 指代对象 在从句中的作用
who 人 主语/宾语
whom 人 宾语（正式）
whose 人或物 定语（表所属关系）
which 物 主语/宾语
that 人或物 主语/宾语

1. who / whom

用法 例句 说明
who作主语 The girl who is singing is my sister. who不可省略
who作宾语 The man who we met is a teacher. 口语中who可代替whom
whom作宾语 The man whom we met is a teacher. 正式文体

2. whose（"谁的"——表所属）

指代 例句 翻译
人 I know the boy whose father is a doctor. 我认识那个父亲是医生的男孩。
物 The house whose windows are broken is old. 那扇窗户破了的房子很旧。

3. which / that

关系词 使用情况 例句
which 物，非限制性定语从句 The book, which I bought yesterday, is great.
that 人或物，限制性定语从句 The book that I bought yesterday is great.

⚠️ 只能用that的情况（下划线记忆法）

情况 例句
先行词含最高级 This is the best film that I have ever seen.
先行词是不定代词 Everything that he said is true.
先行词被序数词修饰 The first lesson that I learned was important.
先行词既有人又有物 We talked about the people and places that we visited.

⚠️ 不能用that的情况

情况 原因 例句
非限制性定语从句 that不能引导非限制性定语从句 My father, who is a teacher, loves reading.
介词后 介词后只能用which/whom This is the book about which we talked.

三、关系副词

关系副词 含义 相当于"介词+which"
when 时间 at/on/in + which
where 地点 at/in/on + which
why 原因 for + which

对比表格

关系词 先行词 从句中的作用 能否省略
when 时间名词 (day, year, time) 时间状语 通常可省
where 地点名词 (place, room, city) 地点状语 通常可省
why reason 原因状语 通常可省

例句

关系副词 例句
when I still remember the day when we first met.
where This is the school where I studied.
why Do you know the reason why he was late?

🔑 选关系词的关键诀窍

判断从句缺什么成分！

  1. 从句缺主语或宾语 → 用关系代词 (who/which/that)
  2. 从句不缺主宾（缺状语） → 用关系副词 (when/where/why)

✅ 对比测试： - The city which I visited is beautiful. (visited缺宾语 → which) - The city where I live is beautiful. (live不缺宾语 → where)

四、实战练习

练习1：选词填空

用 who / which / that / where / when 填空：

① The man ______ lives next door is a doctor.

📝 答案 who/that（lives缺主语，指人）

② This is the park ______ I go for a walk every morning.

📝 答案 where（不缺主宾，缺地点状语）

③ I'll never forget the day ______ I won the prize.

📝 答案 when（不缺主宾，缺时间状语）

④ The movie ______ we watched last night was exciting.

📝 答案 which/that（watched缺宾语，指物）

⑤ Do you know the reason ______ he didn't come?

📝 答案 why（reason+缺状语）

练习2：合并句子

将下列句子改为含定语从句的复合句：

I have a friend. Her mother works in a hospital.

📝 答案 I have a friend **whose mother works in a hospital**.

五、课后作业

层级 题目
📚 基础 用 who/which/that/where/when 各造一个定语从句
📝 提高 将5对简单句合并为含定语从句的复合句
🎯 综合 写一篇80词短文介绍你的家乡，至少使用3个定语从句（含1个非限制性）

📖 中考金句：选关系词，先看从句缺什么——缺主宾用代词，不缺用副词，that通用记心间！

六、限制性 vs 非限制性定语从句

特征 限制性 非限制性
写法 不用逗号 用逗号隔开
能否省略 不能省略（改变句意） 能省略（补充说明）
关系词 ( \begin{cases} 人: who/that \ 物: which/that \end{cases} ) ( \begin{cases} 人: who (不能用that) \ 物: which (不能用that) \end{cases} )

对比

例句 含义
My brother who lives in Beijing is a doctor. 我有多个兄弟，这个在北京的是医生
My brother, who lives in Beijing, is a doctor. 我只有一个兄弟，他在北京住

⚠️ 高频考点：非限制性定语从句不能用that，也不能省略关系词。

七、介词+关系代词

结构

介词 + which (物) / whom (人)

常见搭配

介词 搭配先行词 例句
in which day, year, month the year in which he was born
on which day, occasion the day on which we met
at which place, school the school at which I studied
with which tool, pen the pen with which he wrote
about which topic, book the book about which we talked
for which reason the reason for which he left

🌰 例题

This is the house in which I lived. = This is the house where I lived. = This is the house which I lived in.

三种表达方式都是正确的，只是正式程度不同： - 介词+which：最正式 - 关系副词：中性 - 介词置于句末：最口语化

八、定语从句中的主谓一致

规则：关系代词作主语时，从句的谓语动词与先行词保持一致。

先行词 谓语 例句
单数 单数 The student who is reading is Tom.
复数 复数 The students who are reading are Tom's classmates.
one of + 复数 复数 He is one of the boys who have passed the exam.
the (only) one of + 复数 单数 He is the only one of the boys who has passed the exam.

易错题 ⚠️

She is one of the students who __ (be) good at English.

📝 答案 **are**。先行词是 the students（复数），所以用 are。

She is the only one of the students who __ (be) good at English.

📝 答案 **is**。先行词是 the only one（单数），所以用 is。

九、定语从句的特殊用法

1. 先行词是the way

用法 例句
标准 I like the way that/in which he speaks.
口语 I like the way he speaks.

💡 先行词是 the way 时，关系词可以是 that / in which / 省略，三种都正确。

2. 先行词是time

例句 说明
I'll never forget the time when/that we spent together. when/that/time 均可
The first time that I saw him, I knew. 常用 that

3. as引导的定语从句

as 常用于：the same...as, such...as

结构 例句
the same...as This is the same bike as I lost.
such...as Don't trust such people as praise you to your face.

十、中考真题演练

真题1（2024广州）

— Do you know the girl ______ is talking with our teacher? — Yes, she's my sister.

A. who B. which C. whose D. whom

📝 答案 A。先行词是 girl（人），从句缺主语，用 who。

真题2（2024成都）

The movie ______ we watched last night was very touching.

A. who B. what C. which D. when

📝 答案 C。先行词是 movie（物），从句缺宾语，用 which 或 that。

真题3（2024武汉改编）

The Palace Museum is the best place ______ I've ever visited.

A. that B. where C. which D. what

📝 答案 A。先行词有最高级修饰（the best），只能用 that。

真题4（短文填空）

I have a good friend __ name is Lily. She is the girl _ sits in front of me. The school ___ we study is very beautiful.

📝 答案 ① whose（表所属关系） ② who/that（作主语，指人） ③ where（不缺主宾，缺地点状语） 完整：I have a good friend **whose** name is Lily. She is the girl **who** sits in front of me. The school **where** we study is very beautiful.

十一、易混淆点汇总表

混淆项 区别 例句对比
which vs. what which是关系词，what=the thing that ✅ This is which I bought. ❌ → ✅ This is what I bought.
that vs. which that不能用于非限制性；介词后不能用that ✅ The book, which is new, is mine. ❌ The book, that is new, is mine.
where vs. which where不缺主宾；which缺主宾 ✅ the city where I live / the city which I visited
whose vs. who's whose=谁的；who's=who is ✅ Whose book is this? / Who's the man?

🏆 终极口诀：定语从句不复杂，找准先行词是关键。缺主宾用代(which/who/that)，不缺状语用副(where/when/why)！