一、什么是情态动词
情态动词(Modal Verbs)表示说话人的态度和语气,如能力、许可、义务、建议、推测等。常见的情态动词有 can、could、may、might、must、have to、should、shall、will、need、dare 等。情态动词有三个重要特点: 1. 后接动词原形,没有人称和数的变化。例如:She can swim. (不能说 She can swims.) 2. 变否定句时,直接在情态动词后加 not。例如:He must not smoke here. 3. 变一般疑问句时,把情态动词提到句首。例如:Can you help me?
二、can 与 could
can 表示"能、会",指能力;也可表示许可,相当于 may;还可以表示推测(常用于否定句和疑问句)。 1. 表能力:I can play the piano. 我会弹钢琴。 2. 表许可:You can use my pen. 你可以用我的笔。 3. 表推测(否定):He can't be at home now. 他现在不可能在家。 could 是 can 的过去式,表示过去的能力:When I was five, I could ride a bike. 我五岁时就会骑自行车。在口语中,could 还常用来委婉地提出请求:Could you please open the window? 请你打开窗户好吗?(用 could 比 can 更礼貌)
三、must 与 have to
两者都表示"必须",但有明显区别: 1. must 表示说话人主观上的必须,没有过去式;have to 表示客观情况迫使的"不得不",有过去式 had to。 I must finish my homework first. 我必须先完成作业。(主观意愿) It's raining. I have to stay at home. 下雨了,我不得不待在家里。(客观原因) 2. must 的否定 mustn't 表示"禁止、不许";have to 的否定 don't have to 表示"不必"。 You mustn't swim in the river. 你禁止在河里游泳。 You don't have to come early tomorrow. 你明天不必早来。 3. 回答含 must 的问句时,否定回答用 needn't 或 don't have to,而不用 mustn't。 Must I finish it today? — No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to.
四、should 与 shouldn't
should 表示"应该",用来提建议、表义务,语气比 must 委婉;shouldn't 表示"不应该"。 1. 提建议:You should drink more water. 你应该多喝水。 2. 表义务:We should protect the environment. 我们应该保护环境。 3. 表惊讶或遗憾(特殊用法):Why should I believe you? 我为什么要相信你? 常用句型:You should + 动词原形;Should I + 动词原形?—— Yes, you should. / No, you shouldn't.
五、may 与 might
may 表示"可以"(征求许可)或"可能"(推测);might 是 may 的过去式,语气更委婉、可能性更小。 1. 表许可:May I come in? 我可以进来吗? 2. 表推测:He may be in the library. 他可能在图书馆。She might come tomorrow. 她明天也许会来。(可能性较小) 3. 表祝愿:May you succeed! 祝你成功!
六、易错点对比表
情态动词 | 含义 | 否定形式 | 注意点 can | 能、会;许可;推测 | can't | 否定推测用 can't,不用 mustn't could | 过去的能力;委婉请求 | couldn't | 请求时比 can 更礼貌 must | 主观必须;肯定推测 | mustn't(禁止) | 否定回答用 needn't / don't have to have to | 客观不得不 | don't have to(不必) | 有过去式 had to,有人称变化 has to should | 应该(建议) | shouldn't | 比 must 委婉 may | 可以;可能 | may not | 否定推测语气弱于 can't
七、例题解析
【例题1】— Must I hand in my homework now? — No, you ____. You can do it this afternoon. A. mustn't B. can't C. needn't D. shouldn't 【解析】答案 C。以 Must 开头的一般疑问句,否定回答用 needn't 或 don't have to,表示"不必";mustn't 表示"禁止",不符合语境。
【例题2】— Is that Mr. Green over there? — It ____ be him. He has gone to Beijing. A. must B. can't C. may D. should 【解析】答案 B。由 He has gone to Beijing 可知"他不可能是他",表示否定的推测用 can't,故选 B。
【例题3】You ____ worry about your son. He is old enough to look after himself. A. needn't B. mustn't C. can't D. couldn't 【解析】答案 A。句意"你不必为儿子担心,他已经大到能照顾自己了",needn't 表示"不必",故选 A。
八、练习巩固
基础题:用 can、must、should、may 填空。 1. You _ finish your homework before watching TV. 2. I use your dictionary? Of course. 3. The little girl _ dance very well. 4. We be polite to the old people.
提高题:单项选择。 1. — Could I use your bike? — Yes, you _. A. could B. can C. must D. should 2. He _ be at home because the light is on. A. must B. can't C. needn't D. shouldn't 3. I have to ____ now. My mother is waiting for me at the gate. A. go B. going C. went D. goes
挑战题:用 mustn't 和 don't have to 各造一个句子,并解释两者的区别。
参考答案:(基础)1. must 2. May 3. can 4. should。(提高)1. B(回答 Could I...? 用 can,表许可)2. A(灯亮着,推测"一定在家"用 must)3. A(have to 后接动词原形)。(挑战)示例:You mustn't smoke here.(禁止吸烟)You don't have to get up early on weekends.(周末不必早起)前者表示"禁止",后者表示"不必"。