初一英语:可数名词与不可数名词——some/any、how many/how much 一次讲透

一、今天要学的知识点

初一上册从 Unit 5 开始,出现了一大批「数量表达」:How many apples do you want? How much water is there? 很多同学写句子时总是丢三落四,根子在于没有分清可数名词和不可数名词。

  1. 可数名词:能一个一个数出来 单数前要加 a / an,复数要变形: (1)一般直接加 -s:pen → pens,book → books。 (2)以 s、x、sh、ch 结尾加 -es:bus → buses,box → boxes,watch → watches。 (3)以「辅音字母 + y」结尾,变 y 为 i 加 -es:city → cities,family → families;但「元音字母 + y」直接加 -s:boy → boys,day → days。 (4)以 f / fe 结尾,多数变 f 为 v 加 -es:knife → knives,leaf → leaves(注意 roof → roofs)。 (5)不规则变化要背:man → men,woman → women,child → children,mouse → mice,foot → feet,tooth → teeth,sheep → sheep,fish → fish,Chinese → Chinese。

  2. 不可数名词:数不清,不能加 a / an,也不能加 -s 常见的有:water, milk, tea, juice, meat, bread, rice, food, money, music, homework, information, news, work, time(时间)。 要表示数量,必须借助「量词 + of」: a glass of water 一杯水 two cups of tea 两杯茶 a piece of bread 一片面包 three pieces of paper 三张纸 a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶 a bag of rice 一袋米 注意:变复数时改的是量词——two glasses of water,不是 two glass of waters。

  3. some 与 any (1)some 多用于肯定句:I have some books. There is some milk in the glass. (2)any 多用于否定句和疑问句:I don't have any brothers. Do you have any questions? (3)例外:表示「请求、建议」或希望得到肯定回答的疑问句,用 some——Would you like some tea? Can I have some water? (4)some 也可用于单数可数名词,表示「某一个」:Some boy is waiting for you.

  4. how many 与 how much (1)how many + 可数名词复数:How many students are there in your class? (2)how much + 不可数名词:How much milk do you need? (3)how much 还能问价格:How much is this T-shirt? — It's fifty yuan. (4)回答 how many 用具体数字;回答 how much 说数量或价格。

  5. many / much / a lot of many + 可数名词复数;much + 不可数名词;a lot of(= lots of)两者都可以,多用于肯定句。 There are many apples on the table. There isn't much juice in the fridge. She has a lot of homework today.

二、例题解析

例题1 用所给词的正确形式填空。 (1)There are two __ (knife) on the desk. (2)I'd like three _ (piece) of bread. (3)How many ___ (child) are there in the park? 解析: (1)two 后接复数,knife 变 knives → knives。 (2)量词 piece 可数,three 后加 -s,bread 不变 → pieces。 (3)child 是不规则复数 → children。三个小题分别考了「规则变化、量词复数、不规则变化」,这正是本题的命题意图。

例题2 用 some 或 any 填空。 (1)Do you have __ oranges? (2)There aren't _ books in the bag. (3)Would you like ___ juice? 解析:(1)疑问句用 any;(2)否定句用 any;(3)请求、希望对方答应,用 some。答案:any / any / some。

例题3 对划线部分提问。 (1)There are twenty students in the classroom. (2)I need two cups of milk. (3)This book is fifteen yuan. 解析: (1)twenty 是可数名词的数量 → How many students are there in the classroom? (2)液体、不可数名词的数量 → How much milk do you need? (3)问价格 → How much is this book? 规律:先看问的是「多少个」还是「多少量 / 多少钱」,再决定用 how many 还是 how much。

例题4 改错。 (1)There are some milks in the cup. (2)I have two breads for breakfast. (3)How much apples do you want? 解析: (1)milk 不可数,去掉 -s:There is some milk in the cup. (2)bread 不可数,用 a piece of 或量词:I have two pieces of bread for breakfast. (3)apples 可数,用 how many:How many apples do you want?

三、对比表格

项目 可数名词 不可数名词
单数 a / an + 名词 不能加 a / an
复数 加 -s / -es 或不规则 没有复数形式
数量提问 How many…? How much…?
修饰词 many, a few, some much, a little, some
常见词 apple, book, child water, bread, money, homework
数不清的做法 直接数字 数词 + 量词 + of

四、易错点提醒 1. 别把不可数名词当可数:homework、information、news、advice、money 一律不加 -s,也不能用 a/an。 2. 「数词 + 量词 + of + 不可数名词」中,复数标在量词上:two bottles of water。 3. 「a piece of paper」的 paper 是「纸」(不可数);若说 a paper 则指「一份试卷、一篇论文」,意思不同。 4. chicken 指「鸡肉」不可数,指「小鸡」可数;fish 指「鱼肉」不可数,指「鱼(条数)」复数仍是 fish。 5. How many 后面必须跟复数名词,不能写成 How many student。

五、趣味练习(先做再看答案) 1. 用 many 或 much 填空:How __ water is there in the bottle? How _ eggs do you need? 2. 翻译:我早餐通常吃两个鸡蛋和一片面包。 3. 选择:There ___ some bread and three bananas on the table. (A. is B. are)

答案: 1. much;many。 2. I usually have two eggs and a piece of bread for breakfast. 3. A。there be 句型遵循「就近一致」原则,靠近动词的是不可数的 bread,所以用 is。注意前面 three bananas 可数,这里考的是 be 动词的选择。

六、课后作业 基础题:抄写并背诵本课不规则复数 8 个(man, woman, child, mouse, foot, tooth, sheep, fish)。 提高题:写 5 句关于你每天的饮食的句子,至少用上 3 个不可数名词和 2 个量词短语。 挑战题:为你的同桌设计一份「周末早餐菜单」,用 there be 句型写 6 句话,要求可数、不可数名词各 3 句,并配上 How many / How much 的提问各一句。